Hindu units of time

[vignesh2014]

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Hindu religious scriptures such as the Vedas and Puraṇas describe a massive range of units of Kala measurements, spanning right from Paramaṇu (time length of about 17 microseconds) to the Maha-Manvantara (311.04 trillion years). According to these texts, the creation and destruction of the universe is a cyclic process, which repeats itself forever. Each cycle starts with the birth and expansion (lifetime) of the universe equaling 311.04 trillion years, followed by its complete annihilation (which also prevails for the same duration).
Ancient Hindu units of measurement are still prevalent among the Hindu, Jain and Buddhist communities. They are used as a base for doing certain type of astrological calculations, performing religious rituals, etc.


[h=2]Time units[edit][/h]

Hindu measurements inlogarithmic scale (approx.).​

Various units of time are used across the Vedas, Puranas, Mahabharata, Suryasidhanta etc.[SUP][citation needed][/SUP] Especially, Nimesha's multiple, it varies to 3, 10, 15, 18, 20, 27, 30, 45, 48, 60. At the lower end, these are pretty consistent. The Complete Hindu metrics of time (Kāla Vyavahāra) can be summarized as below.
[h=3]Sidereal metrics[edit][/h][TABLE="class: wikitable"]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, colspan: 2, align: center"]Unit[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Definition[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Equivalence[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Truti[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]त्रुटि[/TH]
[TD][/TD]
[TD]ca. 0.031 µs[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Renu[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]रेणु[/TH]
[TD]60 Truti[/TD]
[TD]ca. 1.85 µs[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Lava[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]लव[/TH]
[TD]60 Renu[/TD]
[TD]ca. 0.11 ms[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Leekshaka[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]लीक्षक[/TH]
[TD]60 Lava[/TD]
[TD]ca. 6.67 ms[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Lipta[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]लिप्ता[/TH]
[TD]60 Leekshaka[/TD]
[TD]ca. 0.4 s[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Vipala[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]विपल[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Pala[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]पल[/TH]
[TD]60 Lipta[/TD]
[TD]ca. 24 s[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Vighaṭi[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]विघटि[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Vinādī[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]विनाडी[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Ghaṭi[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]घटि[/TH]
[TD]60 Vighaṭi[/TD]
[TD]ca. 24 min[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Nādī[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]नाडी[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Danda[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]दण्ड[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Muhūrta[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]मुहूर्त[/TH]
[TD]2 Ghaṭi[/TD]
[TD]ca. 48 min[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Nakṣatra Ahorātram (Sidereal Day)[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]नक्षत्र अहोरात्रम्[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]60 Ghaṭī[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]ca. 24 h[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]30 Muhūrta[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]ca. 24 h[/TH]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
[TABLE="class: wikitable"]
Alternate system[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Unit[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Definition[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Equivalence[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Truti[/TH]
[TD][/TD]
[TD]ca. 35.5 µs[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Tatpara[/TH]
[TD]100 Truti[/TD]
[TD]ca. 3.55 ms[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Nimesha[/TH]
[TD]30 Tatpara[/TD]
[TD]ca. 106.7 ms[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Kāṣṭhā[/TH]
[TD]30 Nimesha[/TD]
[TD]ca. 3.2 s[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Kalā[/TH]
[TD]30 Kāṣṭhā[/TD]
[TD]ca. 1.6 min[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Muhūrta[/TH]
[TD]30 Kalā[/TD]
[TD]ca. 48 min[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Nakṣatra Ahorātram (Sidereal Day)[/TH]
[TD]30 Muhūrta[/TD]
[TD]ca. 24 h[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
[h=4]Small units of time used in the Vedas[edit][/h][TABLE="class: wikitable"]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Unit[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Definition[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Equivalence[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Paramāṇu[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[TD]ca. 26.3 µs[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Aṇu[/TD]
[TD]2 Paramāṇu[/TD]
[TD]ca. 57.7 µs[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Trasareṇu[/TD]
[TD]3 Aṇu[/TD]
[TD]ca. 158 µs[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Truṭi[/TD]
[TD]3 Trasareṇu[/TD]
[TD]ca. 474 µs[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Vedha[/TD]
[TD]100 Truṭi[/TD]
[TD]ca. 47.4 ms[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Lava[/TD]
[TD]3 Vedha[/TD]
[TD]ca. 0.14 s[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Nimeṣa[/TD]
[TD]3 Lava[/TD]
[TD]ca. 0.43 s[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Kṣaṇa[/TD]
[TD]3 Nimesha[/TD]
[TD]ca. 1.28 s[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Kāṣṭhā[/TD]
[TD]5 Kṣaṇa[/TD]
[TD]ca. 6.4 s[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Laghu[/TD]
[TD]15 Kāṣṭhā[/TD]
[TD]ca. 1.6 min[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Danda[/TD]
[TD]15 Laghu[/TD]
[TD]ca. 24 min[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Muhūrta[/TD]
[TD]2 Danda[/TD]
[TD]ca. 48 min[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Ahorātram (Day)[/TD]
[TD]30 Muhūrta[/TD]
[TD]ca. 24 h[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Masa (Month)[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]30 Ahorātram[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]30 days[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Ritu (Season)[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]2 Masa[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]2 months[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Ayana[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]3 Rutu[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]6 months[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Samvatsara (Year)[/TH]
[TD]2 Ayana[/TD]
[TD]360 days[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Ahorātram of Deva[/TH]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
[h=3]Lunar metrics[edit][/h]

• A Tithi or lunar day is defined as the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the moon and the Sun to increase by 12°.[SUP][1][/SUP] Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours.[SUP][citation needed][/SUP]
• A Paksa (also Pakṣa) or lunar fortnight consists of 15 tithis.
• A Māsa or lunar month (approximately 29.5 days) is divided into 2 Pakṣas: the one between new moon and full moon (waxing) is called gaura (bright) or Śukla Pakṣa; the one between full moon and new moon (waning) Kṛṣṇa (dark) paksha
• A Ṛtu (or season) is 2 Māsa[SUP][2][/SUP]
• An Ayana is 3 Ṛtus
• A year is two Ayanas [1][SUP][3][/SUP]

 

[vignesh2014]

[h=3]Tropical metrics[edit][/h]

• A Yāma = 1/4 of a day (light) or night [ = 7½ Ghatis (घटि) = 3¾ Muhurtas = 3 Horas (होरा) ]
• Four Yāmas make half of the day (either day or night)
• Eight Yāmas make an Ahorātra (day + night)
• An Ahorātra is a tropical day (Note: A day is considered to begin and end at sunrise, not midnight.)

[TABLE="class: wikitable"]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, colspan: 2, align: center"]Name[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Definition[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Equivalence[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Yama[/TD]
[TD]याम[/TD]
[TD]¼ th of a day (light) or night[/TD]
[TD]3 hours[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]Sāvana Ahorātram[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]सावन अहोरात्रम्[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]8 Yamas[/TH]
[TH="bgcolor: #F2F2F2, align: center"]1 Solar day[/TH]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
[h=3]Reckoning of time among other entities[edit][/h][h=4]Reckoning of time amongst the Pitṛs (ancestors)[edit][/h]

• 1 human fortnight (15 days) = 1 day (light) or night of the Pitṛs
• 1 human month (30 days) = 1 day (light) and night of the Pitṛs
• 30 days of the Pitṛs = 1 month of the Pitṛs = (30 × 30 = 900 human days)
• 12 months of the Pitṛs = 1 year of the Pitṛs = (12 months of Pitṛs × 900 human days = 10800 human days)
• The lifespan of the Pitṛs is 100 years of the Pitṛs (= 36,000 Pitṛ days = 1,080,000 human days = 3000 human years)[SUP][citation needed][/SUP]

[h=4]Reckoning of time amongst the Devas[edit][/h]The life span of any Hindu deva spans nearly (or more than) 4.5 million years. Statistically, we can also look it as …

• 12000 Deva Years = Life Span of Devas = 1 Mahā-Yuga.

The Viṣṇu Purāṇa Time measurement section of the Viṣṇu Purāṇa Book I Chapter III explains the above as follows:

• 2 Ayanas (6-month periods, see above) = 1 human year or 1 day of the devas
• 4,000 + 400 + 400 = 4,800 divine years (= 1,728,000 human years) = 1 Satya Yuga
• 3,000 + 300 + 300 = 3,600 divine years (= 1,296,000 human years) = 1 Tretā Yuga
• 2,000 + 200 + 200 = 2,400 divine years (= 864,000 human years) = 1 Dvāpara Yuga
• 1,000 + 100 + 100 = 1,200 divine years (= 432,000 human years) = 1 Kali Yuga
• 12,000 divine year = 4 Yugas (= 4,320,000 human years) = 1 Mahā-Yuga (also is equaled to 12000 Daiva (divine) Yuga)
• [2*12,000 = 24,000 divine year = 12000 revolutions of sun around its dual]

[h=4]Reckoning of time for Brahma[edit][/h]

• 1000 Mahā-Yugas = 1 Kalpa = 1 day (day only) of Brahma

(2 Kalpas constitute a day and night of Brahma, 8.64 billion human years)

• 30 days of Brahma = 1 month of Brahma (259.2 billion human years)
• 12 months of Brahma = 1 year of Brahma (3.1104 trillion human years)
• 50 years of Brahma = 1 Parārdha
• 2 parardhas = 100 years of Brahma = 1 Para = 1 Mahā-Kalpa (the lifespan of Brahma)(311.04 trillion human years)

One day of Brahma is divided into 10,000 parts called charaṇas. The charaṇas are divided as follows:
[TABLE="class: wikitable"]
The Four Yugas[TR]
[TD]4 charaṇas (1,728,000 solar years)[/TD]
[TD]Satya Yuga[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]3 charaṇas (1,296,000 solar years)[/TD]
[TD]Treta Yuga[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]2 charaṇas (864,000 solar years)[/TD]
[TD]Dvapara Yuga[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]1 charaṇas (432,000 solar years)[/TD]
[TD]Kali Yuga[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="colspan: 2"]Source: [2][/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
The cycle repeats itself, so altogether there are 1,000 cycles of Mahā-Yuga in one day of Brahma.

• One cycle of the above four Yugas is one Mahā-Yuga (4.32 million solar years)
• as is confirmed by the Gītā Śloka 8.17 (statement) "sahasra-yuga-paryantam ahar yad brahmaṇo viduḥ rātriṁ yuga-sahasrāntāṁ te 'ho-rātra-vido janāḥ", meaning, a day of brahma is of 1000 Mahā-Yuga. Thus a day of Brahma, Kalpa, is of duration: 4.32 billion solar years. Two Kalpas constitute a day and night (Adhi Sandhi) of Brahma
• A Manvatara consists of 71 Mahā-Yuga (306,720,000 solar years). Each Manvatara is ruled by a Manu.
• After each Manvatara follows one Saṃdhi Kalā of the same duration as a Kṛta Yuga (1,728,000 = 4 Caraṇa). (It is said that during a Saṃdhi Kalā, the entire earth is submerged in water.)
• A Kalpa consists of a period of 4.32 Billion solar years called followed by 14 Manvataras and Saṃdhi Kalas.
• A day of Brahma equals

(14 times 71 Mahā-Yuga) + (15 × 4 Charaṇas)= 994 Mahā-Yuga + (15 * 4800)= 994 Mahā-Yuga + (72,000 years)[deva years] / 6 = 12,000[deva years] viz. one maha yuga.= 994 Mahā-Yuga + 6 Mahā-Yuga= 1,000 Mahā-Yuga[h=3]The Surya Siddhanta definition of timescales[edit][/h]The Surya Siddhanta [Chapter 14 Mānādhyāyah (मानाध्यायः)], documents a comprehensive model of nine divisions of time called māna (मान) which span from very small time units (Prāņa [प्राण] - 4 seconds) to very large time scales (Para [पर] - 311.04 Trillion solar years).[SUP][citation needed][/SUP]
[h=2]The current date[edit][/h]Currently, 50 years of Brahma have elapsed and this is the first 'day' of the 51st year.[SUP][4][/SUP] This Brahma's day, Kalpa, is named as ShvetaVaraha Kalpa. Within this Day, six Manvantaras have already elapsed[SUP][5][/SUP] and this is the seventh Manavatara, named as – Vaivasvatha Manvantara (or Sraddhadeva Manavatara). Within the Vaivasvatha Manavantara, 27 Mahayugas[SUP][5][/SUP] (4 Yugas together is a Mahayuga), and the Krita,[SUP][6][/SUP] Treta and Dwapara Yugas of the 28th Mahayuga have elapsed. This Kaliyuga is in the 28th Mahayuga. This Kaliyuga began in the year 3102 BC in the proleptic Julian Calendar.[SUP][7][/SUP] Since 50 years of Brahma have already elapsed, this is the second Parardha, also called as Dvithiya Parardha.
The time elapsed since the current Brahma has taken over the task of creation can be calculated as
432000 × 10 × 1000 × 2 = 8.64 billion years (2 Kalpa (day and night) )
[SUP][citation needed][/SUP] 8.64 × 10[SUP]9[/SUP] × 30 × 12 = 3.1104 Trillion Years (1 year of Brahma)
3.1104 × 10[SUP]12[/SUP] × 50 = 155.52 Trillion Years (50 years of Brahma)
(6 × 71 × 4320000 ) + 7 × 1.728 × 10^6 = 1852416000 years elapsed in first six Manvataras, and Sandhi Kalas in the current Kalpa
27 × 4320000 = 116640000 years elapsed in first 27 Mahayugas of the current Manvantara
1.728 × 10^6 + 1.296 × 10^6 + 864000 = 3888000 years elapsed in current Mahayuga
3102 + 2013 = 5115 years elapsed in current Kaliyuga.
So the total time elapsed since current Brahma is
155520000000000 + 1852416000 + 116640000 + 3888000 + 5115 = 155,521,972,949,115 years < as of 2013 AD >
The current Kali Yuga began at midnight 17 February / 18 February in 3102 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.[SUP][8][/SUP] As per the information above about Yuga periods, only 5,115 years are passed out of 432,000 years of current Kali Yuga, and hence another 426,985 years are left to complete this 28th Kali Yuga of Vaivaswatha Manvantara.

 

[kunjuppu]

dear vignesh,

i dont know about the hindu units of time, but have sure come across words like nodi, jaan, ozhakku, aazhakku etc which are uniqute to tamil nadu, but even within tamil nadu may mean differently.

Units of time in ancient Tamil history

12(base 8) or 10 kuzhigaL= 1 miy= 66.6666 millisecond-the time taken by the young human eyes to flap once.
2 kaNNimaigaL (கண்ணிமைகள்)= 1 kainodi (கைநொடி)= 0.125 second
2 kainodi= 1 maatthirai (மாத்திரை) = 0.25 second
6(base 8) or 6 miygaL= 1 siRRuzhi(nodi) சிற்றுழி (நொடி)= 0.40 second-the time taken for a bubble (created by blowing air through a bamboo tube into a vessel 1 saaN high, full of water) to travel a distance of one saaN (சாண்).
2 maatthiraigaL= 1 kuru (குறு) = 0.50 second
2(base 8) or 2 nodigaL= 1 vinaadi வினாடி = 0.80 second-the time for the adult human heart to beat once
21⁄2 nodigaL= 2 kuru= 1 uyir உயிர் = 1 second
5 nodigaL= 2 uyir= 1 saNigam சாணிகம் = 1/2 aNu அணு = 2 seconds
12(base 8) or 10 nodigaL= 1 aNu= 4 seconds
6(base 8) or 6 aNukkaL= 12 saNigam= 1 thuLi துளி = 1 naazhigai-vinaadi நாழிகை வினாடி = 24 seconds
12(base 8) or 10 thuLigaL= 1 kaNam கணம் = 4 minutes
6(base 8) or 6 kaNangaL= 1 naazhigai= 24 minutes
12(base 8) or 10 naazhigaigaL= 4 saamam சாமம் = 1 siRupozhuthu சிறுபொழுது = 240 minutes= 4 hours
6(base 8) or 6 siRu-pozhuthugaL= 1 naaL நாள் (1 day)= 24 hours
7 naaTkaL= 1 kizhamai கிழமை (1 week)
15 naaTkaL= 1 azhuvam அழுவம் (1 fortnight )
29.5 naaTkaL= 1 thingaL திங்கள் (1 lunar month)
2 thingaL= 1 perum-pozhuthu பெரும்பொழுது (1 season)
6 perum-pozhuthugaL= 1 AaNdu (1 year)
64 aaNdugaL= 1 vattam வட்டம் (1 cycle)
4096(=8^4) AaNdugaL= 1 Oozhi ஊழி (1 epoch)

Area Measurement

1 Marakkal vaedaipadu (seeds required for planting rice) = 8 cents
12.5 Marakkal vaedaipadu = 100 cents (one acre)

குறுணி = 8 cents
பதக்கு = 16 cents
முக்குறுணி = 24 cents

Area calculation and Measurement Chart .

1 hectare = 2 acre 47 cent
1 hectare = 10,000 sq.m.
1 acre = 0.405 hectare
1 acre = 4046.82 sq.m.
1 acre = 43,560 sq.ft.
1 acre = 100 cent = 4840 sq.gejam
1 cent = 435.6 sq.ft.
1 cent = 40.5 sq.m
1 ground = 222.96 sq.m. = 5.5 cent
1 ground = 2400 sq.ft.
1 Veesam = 6*6 sq ft = 36 sq.ft.
1 Kuzhi = 16 Veesams
1 Kuzhi = 576 sq.ft.
1 Kuzhi = 1.32231405 cents
1 Kāni = 100 kuzhis = 57600 sq.ft. (576*100 sq.ft)
1 acre = 300 kuzhi
1 ankanam = 8 Sq. yard/72 Sq. Feet
1 Mā = 100 kuzhi = 10000 sq.ft. (Not 10000 sq.ft. but 14400 sq.ft When 1 Kuzhi = 144 sq.ft)
1 Kāni = 4 Mā = 40000 sq.ft. (Not 40000 sq.ft. but 57600 sq.ft)
1 kāni = 132 cents = 1.32 acre
1 acre = 75.625 kuzhi
1 Veļi = 7 kāni = 6.43 acres = 2.6 hectares ( 1 Veli = 20 Ma = 5 kani only not 7 kani)
1 dismil =2.5 cent
1 furlong = 660 feet = 220 kejam
1 kilometre = 5 furlong
1 link / chain = 0.66 foot = 7.92 inch
1 kejam = 9.075 sq.ft.
1 mile = 8 furlong
1 ares = 1076 sq.ft. = 2.47 cent
1 chain = 22 kejam
1 furlong = 10 chain
1 kejam = 0.9144 metre
1 township = 36 sq.mile
1 sq.mile = 640 acre
1 cent = 48.4 sq.kejam

Units of ancient trade
Balance weights
Gold weights

4 nel edai (நல் எடை) = 1 kunRimaNi (குன்றிமணி)
2 kunRimaNi (குன்றிமணி) = 1 manchaadi (மாஞ்சாடி)
1 manchaadi (மாஞ்சாடி) = 1 paNavedai (பணவெடை)
5 paNavedai (பணவெடை) = 1 kazhanchu (கழஞ்சு)
8 paNavedai (பணவெடை) = 1 varaaganedai (வராகனெடை)
20 paNavedai (பணவெடை) = 4 kazhanchu(கழஞ்சு) = 1 kaqhsu (கஃசு)
80 paNavedai (பணவெடை)= 16 kazhanchu(கழஞ்சு)= 4 kaqhsu (கஃசு)= 1 palam (பலம்)
1.5 Kazhanchu(கழஞ்சு) = 8 grams or one sovereign/pavun.

The above is not in line with South Indian Inscriptions. 2 குன்றிமணி = 1 மஞ்சாடி 20 மஞ்சாடி = 1 கழஞ்சு Ceylon Currency and Coins by H W Codrington page 10 too agrees with 20 manjadi = 1 kazanju.
Goods weights

32 kunRimaNi= 1 varaaganedai
10 varaaganedai= 1 palam
40 palam= 1 veesai
1000 palam =1 kaa
6 veesai= 1 thulaam
8 veesai= 1 maNangu
20 maNangu= 1 paaram.

Grain volume

1 kuNam = smallest unit of volume
9 kuNam = 1 mummi
11 mummi = 1 aNu
7 aNu=1 immi
7 immi = 1 uminel
1 sittigai = 7 uminel
360 nel= 1 sevidu
5 sevidu = 1 aazhaakku
2 aazhaakku = 1 uzhakku
2 uzhakku = 1 uri
2 uri = 1 padi
8 padi = 1 marakkaal(kuRuNi)
2 marakkaal(kuRuNi) = 1 padhakku
2 padhakku = 1 thooNi
5 marakkaal = 1 paRai
80 paRai = 1 karisai
48 padi = 1 kalam
96 padi = 1 pothi(mootai)
21 marakkal = 1 Kottai
22 maakaani = 100 gms

1 padi = 1800 avarai pods = 12,800 miLagu seeds = 14,400 nel grains = 14,800 payaRu grains = 38,000 arisi grains = 115,200 sesame seeds
Fluid volume

5 sevidu = 1 aazhaakku
2 mahani = 1 aazhakku (arai kal padi)
2 aazhaakku = 1 uzhakku (Kal padi)
2 uzhakku= 1 uri (Arai padi)
2 uri= 1 padi
8 padi= 1 marakkaal
2 marakkaal(kuRuNi)= 1 padhakku
2 padhakku= 1 thooNi
21 Marakkal = 1 Kottai

Length

10 koaN= 1 nuNNaNu
10 nuNNaNU= 1 aNu(atom)
8 aNu= 1 kathirtthugaL
8 kathirtthugaL= 1 thusumbu
8 thusumbu= 1 mayirnuni
8 mayirnuni= 1 nuNmaNal
8 nuNmaNal= 1 siRu-kadugu
8 siRu-kadugu= 1 eL
8 eL= 1 nel
8 nel= 1 viral= 8^8 aNu(atom)= 1.9444 centimetre
12 viral= 1 saaN= 100 immi= 23.3333 centimetre
2 saaN= 1 muzham= 46.6666 centimetre
2 muzham= 1 kajam
220 kajam=1 furlong
8 furlong=1 mile
5 furlong= 1 kilo Meter or 1000 meter
4 muzham= 1 paagam
625 paagam= 1 kaadham= 5000 saaN= 1166.66 metres= 1.167 kilometre

source: Tamil units of measurement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia