[h=1]Breakthrough in fight against AIDS, scientists 'delete' HIV from human cells[/h]
Kounteya Sinha, TNN | Jul 22, 2014
LONDON: Scientists have for the first time ever "deleted" HIV from human cells, marking a major breakthrough in fight against AIDS.
Once HIV conquers a human cell, it stays there forever. The virus inserts its deadly genome permanently into the victims' DNA, forcing patients to be hooked on drugs for life.
But now, for the first time, researchers have found a way to eliminate latent HIV-1 virus from human cells — and this could be a cure for other latent infections.
Now, a team of Temple University School of Medicine researchers has designed a way to snip out the integrated HIV-1 genes for good.
"This is one important step on the path toward a permanent cure for AIDS," said Kamel Khalili, professor and chair of the department of Neuroscience at Temple.
Khalili led the work which marks the first successful attempt to eliminate latent HIV-1 virus from human cells.
"It's an exciting discovery, but it's not yet ready to go into the clinic. It's a proof of concept that we're moving in the right direction," added Khalili.
When deployed, a combination of a DNA-snipping enzyme called a nuclease and a targeting strand of RNA called a guide RNA (gRNA) hunt down the viral genome and excise the HIV-1 DNA.
From there, the cell's gene repair machinery takes over, soldering the loose ends of the genome back together — resulting in virus-free cells.
"Since HIV-1 is never cleared by the immune system, removal of the virus is required in order to cure the disease," said Khalili, whose research focuses on the neuropathogenesis of viral infections. The same technique could theoretically be used against a variety of viruses, he said.
The research shows that these molecular tools also hold promise as a therapeutic vaccine; cells armed with the nuclease-RNA combination proved impervious to HIV infection.
Worldwide, more than 33 million people have HIV.
Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has controlled HIV-1 for infected people in the developed world over the last 15 years, the virus can rage again with any interruption in treatment.
Even when HIV-1 replication is well controlled with HAART, the lingering HIV-1 presence has health consequences.
"The low level replication of HIV-1 makes patients more likely to suffer from diseases usually associated with aging," Khalili said. These include cardiomyopathy — a weakening of the heart muscle — bone disease, kidney disease, and neurocognitive disorders. "These problems are often exacerbated by the toxic drugs that must be taken to control the virus," Khalili added.
Researchers based the two-part HIV-1 editor on a system that evolved as a bacterial defense mechanism to protect against infection, Khalili said.
Dr Khalili's lab engineered a 20-nucleotide strand of gRNA to target the HIV-1 DNA and paired it with Cas9. The gRNA targets the control region of the gene called the long terminal repeat (LTR). LTRs are present on both ends of the HIV-1 genome. By targeting both LTRs, the Cas9 nuclease can snip out the 9,709-nucleotides that comprise the HIV-1 genome.
To avoid any risk of the gRNA accidentally binding with any part of the patient's genome, the researchers selected nucleotide sequences that do not appear in any coding sequences of human DNA, thereby avoiding off-target effects and subsequent cellular DNA damage.
The editing process was successful in several cell types that can harbor HIV-1, including microglia and macrophages, as well as in T-lymphocytes.
"T-cells and monocytic cells are the main cell types infected by HIV-1, so they are the most important targets for this technology," Khalili said.
The HIV-1 eradication approach faces several significant challenges before the technique is ready for patients, Khalili said.
The researchers must devise a method to deliver the therapeutic agent to every single infected cell. Finally, because HIV-1 is prone to mutations, treatment may need to be individualized for each patient's unique viral sequences.
"We are working on a number of strategies so we can take the construct into preclinical studies," Khalili said. "We want to eradicate every single copy of HIV-1 from the patient. That will cure AIDS. I think this technology is the way we can do it".
Breakthrough in fight against AIDS, scientists 'delete' HIV from human cells - The Times of India
Kounteya Sinha, TNN | Jul 22, 2014
LONDON: Scientists have for the first time ever "deleted" HIV from human cells, marking a major breakthrough in fight against AIDS.
Once HIV conquers a human cell, it stays there forever. The virus inserts its deadly genome permanently into the victims' DNA, forcing patients to be hooked on drugs for life.
But now, for the first time, researchers have found a way to eliminate latent HIV-1 virus from human cells — and this could be a cure for other latent infections.
Now, a team of Temple University School of Medicine researchers has designed a way to snip out the integrated HIV-1 genes for good.
"This is one important step on the path toward a permanent cure for AIDS," said Kamel Khalili, professor and chair of the department of Neuroscience at Temple.
Khalili led the work which marks the first successful attempt to eliminate latent HIV-1 virus from human cells.
"It's an exciting discovery, but it's not yet ready to go into the clinic. It's a proof of concept that we're moving in the right direction," added Khalili.
When deployed, a combination of a DNA-snipping enzyme called a nuclease and a targeting strand of RNA called a guide RNA (gRNA) hunt down the viral genome and excise the HIV-1 DNA.
From there, the cell's gene repair machinery takes over, soldering the loose ends of the genome back together — resulting in virus-free cells.
"Since HIV-1 is never cleared by the immune system, removal of the virus is required in order to cure the disease," said Khalili, whose research focuses on the neuropathogenesis of viral infections. The same technique could theoretically be used against a variety of viruses, he said.
The research shows that these molecular tools also hold promise as a therapeutic vaccine; cells armed with the nuclease-RNA combination proved impervious to HIV infection.
Worldwide, more than 33 million people have HIV.
Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has controlled HIV-1 for infected people in the developed world over the last 15 years, the virus can rage again with any interruption in treatment.
Even when HIV-1 replication is well controlled with HAART, the lingering HIV-1 presence has health consequences.
"The low level replication of HIV-1 makes patients more likely to suffer from diseases usually associated with aging," Khalili said. These include cardiomyopathy — a weakening of the heart muscle — bone disease, kidney disease, and neurocognitive disorders. "These problems are often exacerbated by the toxic drugs that must be taken to control the virus," Khalili added.
Researchers based the two-part HIV-1 editor on a system that evolved as a bacterial defense mechanism to protect against infection, Khalili said.
Dr Khalili's lab engineered a 20-nucleotide strand of gRNA to target the HIV-1 DNA and paired it with Cas9. The gRNA targets the control region of the gene called the long terminal repeat (LTR). LTRs are present on both ends of the HIV-1 genome. By targeting both LTRs, the Cas9 nuclease can snip out the 9,709-nucleotides that comprise the HIV-1 genome.
To avoid any risk of the gRNA accidentally binding with any part of the patient's genome, the researchers selected nucleotide sequences that do not appear in any coding sequences of human DNA, thereby avoiding off-target effects and subsequent cellular DNA damage.
The editing process was successful in several cell types that can harbor HIV-1, including microglia and macrophages, as well as in T-lymphocytes.
"T-cells and monocytic cells are the main cell types infected by HIV-1, so they are the most important targets for this technology," Khalili said.
The HIV-1 eradication approach faces several significant challenges before the technique is ready for patients, Khalili said.
The researchers must devise a method to deliver the therapeutic agent to every single infected cell. Finally, because HIV-1 is prone to mutations, treatment may need to be individualized for each patient's unique viral sequences.
"We are working on a number of strategies so we can take the construct into preclinical studies," Khalili said. "We want to eradicate every single copy of HIV-1 from the patient. That will cure AIDS. I think this technology is the way we can do it".
Breakthrough in fight against AIDS, scientists 'delete' HIV from human cells - The Times of India
