Dear Shri Samarapungavan,
Our perspectives, as you will have noticed by now, are different. You implicitly believe that the Ramayana book gives an authentic account of the life of Rama, correct to the minutest detail, and relate the
true life of a divine avatara of Vishnu. All that is stated are/were hundred percent true and there is no error, redaction, interpolation, etc. I, on the other hand, while not finding fault with the faith people have in the godhead of Rama, or any other deity for that matter, try to enquire into the history of our religious lore. Hence we are bound to have differences of opinion. My attempt is to give the “other side of the coin” so that when we talk about our glorious past, the greatness of Hinduism, etc., people also become aware of this other side. Otherwise what we see is a pitiable blind acceptance of whatever has been dished out for centuries in order to keep the people blissfully ignorant.
Samarapungavan:
I fully appreciate your standpoint. I have no problem with even rationalists and atheists as long as they are genuine. I am fully aware that there are prakshipta sargas(interpolations) in the Ramayana. Even the Mahabharata in its current form of 100,000 slokas( the original Jaya had only 10000 verses) has about 1000 prakshipta slokas. I know of learned scholars who can pick the prakshipta slokas. (These are scholars who have perfomed 100 parayanams of the Ramayana and have a deep understanding of the meanings of the Ramayana and verbatim quote veda vakyas that are directly echoed in the Ramayana sloka.)
Added to this there are various recensions of the Ramayana as well. I always resort to various Acharya’s commentaries and also directly hear from them and rely on widely commented slokas for instance :- Govindarajeeyam for the Ramayana. There are still people who firmly believe that the Ramayana is a true story and Rama is divine incarnate. There are thousands of slokas which reverberate/echo the divine sentiments in the Ramayana itself. One need not be a Rama Bhaktha to understand this.Having said this I welcome an open debate which brings out the facts. It will help clear all our mental cobwebs and shed a true perspective.
I have read Rt. Hon. V.S. Srinivasa Sastri's
'Lectures on the Ramayana' and in that he says he gave a series of lectures in Madars (probably Mylapore) in the 1930's and when he said Vali vadham could not be justified, the audience got enraged and threw the chairs at him. (Since I read the book long ago, the details may be different, but the central point is that Sastri depicted Rama as a plain human being, not divine at all.)
Samarapungavan:
I have read Sastri's lectures. It's a wonderful book. Still I amn't sure of people who say "Vali Vadham could n't be justified". is it the killing of Vali itself or the manner of killing? If the killing of Vali is wrong then there is no Ramayana, since if Vali can forcefully take over Ruma(Sugriva Pathni), then Ravana abducting Sita also can be justified.I re-read the Vali vada sarga and found one more Dharma quoted by Rama:- "Jyesta braatha pitrus samaha" to Vali and Ruma being a dughter-in-law to him is to be treated like a daughter. I don't understand how such an act of Vali can deserve a lesser punishment. Finally I also found that Vali accepts his mistake. Rama also says that if you don't agree with this, I will give you back life(This also shows that Rama is divine). Vali agrees with his mistake finally. One can still debate the manner of killing.
“The
Satapatha Brahmana and
Brhadaranyaka Upanishad mention King Janaka several times. In these ancient religious writings, he is a sage and a philosopher. He is in no way related to Sita. This Janaka and the other Janaka, father of Sita, are separated by eighteen generations.”
_Legend of Ram: antiquity to janmabhumi debate, Sanujit Ghose
Samarapungavan:
I quote below the lineage of Janaka as told to Dasaratha by Janaka himself from Srimad Ramayana itself. One need not look elsewhere. This occurs before sita kalyanam in Balakanda 71st sarga.
evam bruvaaNam janakaH pratyuvaaca kR^itaa.njaliH |
shrotum ar.hhasi bhadram te kulam naH parikiirtitam || 1-71-1
pradaane hi muni shreSTha kulam niravasheSataH |
vaktavyam kula jaatena tan nibodha mahaamune || 1-71-2
raajaa abhuut triSu lokeSu vishrutaH svena karmaNaa |
nimiH parama dharmaatmaa sarva sattvavataam varaH || 1-71-3
tasya putro mithiH naama janako mithi putrakaH |
prathamo janako naama janakaat api udaavasuH || 1-71-4
udaavasoH tu dharmaatmaa jaato vai nandivardhanaH |
nandivardhana putraH tu suketuH naama naamataH || 1-71-5
suketoH api dharmaatmaa devaraato mahaabalaH |
devaraatasya raajarSeH bR^ihadratha iti smR^iutaH || 1-71-6
bR^ihadrathasya shuuro abhuut mahaaviiraH prataapavaan |
mahaaviirasya dhR^itimaan sudhR^itiH satya vikramaH || 1-71-7
sudhR^iteH api dharmaatmaa dhR^iSTaketuH su dhaarmikaH |
dhR^iSTaketoH ca raajarSeH haryashva iti vishrutaH || 1-71-8
haryashvasya maruH putro maroH putraH pratiindhakaH |
pratiindhakasya dharmaatmaa raajaa kiirtirathaH sutaH || 1-71-9
putraH kiirtirathasya api devamiiDha iti smR^itaH |
devamiiDhasya vibudho vibudhasya mahiidhrakaH || 1-71-10
mahiidhraka suto raajaa kiirtiraato mahaabalaH |
kiirti raatasya raajaR^iSeH mahaaromaa vyajaayata || 1-71-11
mahaaromNaH tu dharmaatmaa svarNaromaa vyajaayata |
svarNaromNaH tu raajarSeH hrasvaromaa vyajaayata || 1-71-12
tasya putra dvayam jaj~ne dharmaj~nasya mahaatmanaH |
jyeSTho aham anujo bhraataa mama viiraH kushadhvaja || 1-71-13
maam tu jyeSTham pitaa raajye so abhiSicya naraadhipa |
kushadhvajam samaaveshya bhaaram mayi vanam gataH || 1-71-14
vR^iddhe pitari svar yaate dharmeNa dhuram aavaham |
bhraataram deva sa.nkaasham snehaat pashyan kushadhvajam || 1-71-15
kasyacit tu atha kaalasya saa.mkaashyaat agamat puraat |
sudhanvaa viiryavaan raajaa mithilaam avarodhakaH || 1-71-16
sa ca me preSayaamaasa shaivam dhanuH anuttamam |
siitaa kanyaa ca padmaakSii mahyam vai diiyataam iti || 1-71-17
tasya apradaanaat brahmarSe yuddham aasiit mayaa saha |
sa hato abhimukho raajaa sudhanvaa tu mayaa raNe || 1-71-18
nihatya tam munishreSTha sudhanvaanam naraadhipam |
saa.mkaashye bhraataram shuuram abhyaSi.ncam kushadhvajam || 1-71-19
kaniiyaan eSa me bhraataa aham jyeSTho mahaamune |
dadaami parama priito vadhvau te munipu.ngava || 1-71-20
siitaam raamaaya bhadram te uurmilaam lakSmaNaaya vai |
"Once there was an emperor Nimi, who was renowned in the triad of worlds by his own accomplishments, and who was uniquely seraphic-souled and a best one among all stalwart emperors... And his son was named as Mithi, and Janaka was Mithi's son... the first one to be designated as Janaka... and even from that Janaka it is Udaavasu who took birth... From Udaavasu it is noble souled Nandivardhana took birth, and Nandivardhana's son is named as Suketu, by his name... From Suketu the highly powerful and virtue-souled Devaraata is born, and from that kingly sage Devaraata, it is Brihadratha who took birth, thus we have heard...
"From Brihadratha it is the highly braving, courageous and valiant Mahaaviira has come, and the bold and truth-valiant Sudhriti from Mahaaviira... Form Sudhriti, the right-minded and highly generous Dhristaketu took birth, and from the kingly sage Dhristaketu it is highly renowned Haryashva is the son... Haryashva's son is Maru, and Maru's, son is Pratiindhaka, and the son of Pratiindhaka's is noble-souled king Kiirtiratha... The son of Kiirtiratha is remembered as Devamiidha, and the son of Devamiidha is Vibudha, and Vibudha's son is Mahiidraka... Mahiidraka's son is the great mighty king Kiirtiraata, and the son born to sagely king Kiirtiraata is Mahaaroma... From Mahaaroma it is the virtue-souled Swarnaroma, and from kingly sage Swarnaroma it is Hrasvaroma...
"Two sons are born to that knower of virtue and noble souled Hrasvaroma, I am the elder, and my younger brother is this brave Kushadhvaja... He that king and father of ours, Hrasvaroma, anointing me in kingdom as I am the elder, and vesting the duty of looking after Kushadhvaja in me, he departed to forests...
"On the departure of our aged father to heaven, I am looking after this godlike Kushadhvaja with brotherliness and lugging around the burden of this kingship... Then after sometime, a valorous king named Sudhanva came beleaguering Mithila, from his city Saamkaasha... 'The unexcelled bow of Shiva shall be given to me, along with the lotus-eyed virgin, Seetha...' thus he started to urge me...
"Oh, Brahma sage Vashishta, for the reason of my non-bestowal of bow or bride he warred with me, and when he affronted me in that war I have put that Sudhanva to the sword... Oh, best sage , on eliminating king Sudhanva, I have anointed my valiant brother Kushadhvaja in the kingdom of Saamkaasha... Oh, best saint Vashishta, this is that younger brother of mine, and I am the elder. Oh, eminent-saint, I am bestowing those brides with a highly gladdened heart... Seetha for Rama, and Urmila for Lakshmana, let there be felicity for all...
"My daughter Seetha is the bounty for bravery and in simile she is the daughter of the divine Providence, and thus the second one Urmila too... oh, eminent-saint, with a highly gladdened heart I reiterate thrice while I bestow those brides, there is no doubt about it...
Interpolations to Ramayana are certain. Some of those must have been even post-Buddha since there is a specific mention of Buddhists being punished as thieves in
Ayodhya Kanda. Bharata persuades Rama to come back to Ayodhya. A long conversation between the two is told. Javali, a learned man tries to argue and convince Rama that he need not give weightage to do ‘pitruvaakya paripaalanam’.
Samarapungavan:
The buddha that is mentioned in the itihasas and Vishnu Purana is not Gautama Buddha according scholars opinion. There is a definite difference between the two. It's Jabali maharishi who along Vasishta accompanies Bharata to chitrkoota to meet Rama.(I amn't sure if "javali" is a typo)
Jabali goads Rama to forget all this "pitru vakya paripalanam" and also says "what's the use of doing all this tarpanam etc" when Rama offers pinda at chitrakoota to the departed Dasaratha, when he hears the news from bharata. One finds a genuine rationalistic/atheistic and anti vedic argument in Jabali. Rama condemns him inspite of him being a Rishi for resorting to such verbiage. Finally Vasishta intervenes and says that Jabali genuinely wanted Rama to return to Ayodhya as he couldn't tolerate him living in the forest and out of genuine compassion. Jabali is also present in the Rama Pattabhisheka.
ramam rathnamaye peetae saseetham sanyevesayath
Vasishto vamadevascha Jabali Ratha Kasyapaha. katyayanacha suyagyacha Gautamo Vijaysthatha
Suyagynya is Vasishta's putra.
Rama is not convinced, and quoting Vedas, praises the virtues of sacrifice, charity and penance, founded upon truth. In his reply Rama says among other things, “As a Buddhist is punishable like a thief….”.
As a result of the linguistic and philological studies, scholars opine that both Bala Kanda and Uttara Kanda are most probably later interpolations, in order to endow the hero of the “Adi kAvya” with a divine hue. From Ayodhyakanda to Yuddhakanda, it is no where mentioned that he was God or had attributes of the divine (Vishnu amsa). He is shown as an ordinary person with human attributes who cries when his wife is taken away and at no time utters a soothing word to Lakshmana who also lives alone, without any complaint. This shows how much of a self-centred character Rama was, and how insensitive he was to the “viraha” of his brother Lakshmana.
Samarapungavan:
I have already quoted from Yuddha kanda - pattabhisheka sarga on the divinity aspect. i quote below a few more from sundara kanda and Yuddha kanda again
The following occurs in sundara kanda in the trijata's swapna sarga(27th sarga). Trijata is the daugher of Vibhishana.
evaM svapne mayaa dR^iSTo raamo viSNuparaakramaH |
lakSmaNena saha bhraatraa siitayaa saha raaghavaH || 5-27-20
The following verses are from Yuddha Kanda sarga 111. Mandodhari laments on Ravana being killed
by Rama.
vyaktameSha mahaayogii paramaatmaa sanaatanaH |
anaadimadhyanidhano mahataH paramo mahaan || 6-111-14
tamasaH paramo dhaataa shaN^khachakragadaadharaH |
shriivatsavakShaa nityashriirajayyaH shaashvato dhruvaH || 6-111-15
maanuShaM ruupamaasthaaya viShNuH satyaparaakramaH |
sarvaiH parivR^ito devairvaanaratvamupaagataiH || 6-111-16
sarvalokeshvaraH shriimaan lokaanaaM hitakaamyayaa |
saraakShasa pariivaaram hatavaaMstvaaM mahaadyutiH || 6-111-17
"This Rama is certainly a great ascetic, an eternal person, having no beginning middle or end, greater than distinguished universal spirit like Brahma, the one beyond ignorance, the nourisher, wielding a conch, a disc and a mace, wearing the 'Srivatsa' mark on his chest, of lasting beauty, incapable of being conquered, a perpetual one, being the constant soul of the universe, truly mighty, the lord of all the worlds, the prosperous one having a great splendour and Vishnu, the lord of maintenance of the world with a wish to benefit the worlds, assuming a human form surrounded by all the gods in the form of monkeys, Rama killed you, surrounded by demons.
Even in Yuddha Kanda the last sloka is sarga-116, sloka-90, which reads as under:
[FONT="]सर्वे लक्षण सम्पन्नाः सर्वे धर्म परायणाः[/FONT]
[FONT="]दशवर्ष सहस्राणि रामो राज्यम् अकारयत् ॥६-११६-९०[/FONT]
(sarvE lakshaNa sampannAH sarvE dharma parAyaNAH
daSavaRsha sahasRANi rAmO rAjyam akArayat)
(Maharishi University Collection)
There may be addition of Phala Sruti in the version you refer to or it may contain more sargas. The version I have, is supposed to be authentic. I would like to know the particulars of the version, publisher, etc., for my information.