[h=2]IV[/h]
One of the great obstacles to the preservation and propagation of the Veda has been denial of universal access to it. For centuries only the Traivarnika men (men of the three upper castes) have been generally considered eligible to undertake Vedic study, but in effect it has been the exclusive privilege and prerogative of male Brahmins only. Even today most Brahmins who have learnt the Veda, either with or without meaning, do not teach it to women, Sudras and others. But the Veda itself does not say that it is meant for any particular sex, caste or race. On the contrary, it declares that it is meant for all. We have the following Yajur-vedic text; “Just as I have revealed this auspicious word to all human beings, so must you. I have revealed the Vedic truth to Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Sudras, Aryas, personal servants (Svaya) and to the lowest of Sudras (Aranaya) also”.[SUP] 18 [/SUP]Then we have the following Atharvavedic text: “O Man, I, being of the nature of truth and being unfathomable, have revealed the true Vedic knowledge; so I am he who gave birth to the Veda. I cannot be partial either to a Dasa (slave) or an Arya; I save all those who behave like myself (i.e., impartially) and follow my truthful commands”.[SUP] 19[/SUP] The Veda is a universal scripture.
We find examples of Sudras and sons of slaves propagating Vedic hymns. Two examples may be given: Kavashaailusha propagated Suktas 30 to 34 of the Rigveda, Mandala, X, Anuvaka III. It is known that he was a Sudra from the
Itareya and Kaushiitaki
Brahmanas, the
Rigveda Anukramanika, and Sayana’s Bhashya. Kakshavan propagated Suktas 116 to 126 of the Rigveda, Mandala I, Anuvaka XVII. He was the son of a female slave of the king of Angadesa. This is known from the
Rigveda Anukramanika, the Bhashya of Sayana and the
Mahabharata. Critical study also shows that Janasruti was a Sudra, and Satyakama Jabali was the son of a woman who lived with many men. According to the Upanishads, both received the highest Vedantic teaching. According to internal evidence, women also were eligible for Vedic study. The 179th Sukta of the Rigveda, Mandala I, Anuvaka XXIII, was propagated by Lopamudra, a woman; while the 91st Sukta of the Rigveda, Mandala VIII, Anuvaka I, was propagated by Apala, another woman. The
Rigveda Anukramanika and Sayana’s Bhashya inform us to this effect. It is well-known that ladies Gargi and Maitreyi were great sages who knew the highest Upanishadic truths.
Nowhere in the Samhita-Brahmana or the Upanishadic portions is any caste, sex or race excluded from studying and benefiting from the Veda. The sentence “Women and Sudras should not be taught the Veda” (
na stri sudro vedam adhiyatam), frequently cited by those who advocate prohibition of access to the Veda to lower castes and women, is not a Vedic text. However, there are passages in some Smritis which lay down such a prohibition. On the contrary, there are passages in other Smritis which maintain that Sudras can receive Upanayana and study the Veda.[SUP]20[/SUP] There is considerable evidence that Sudras of good families, endowed with good qualities, were taught all the Sastras, except the Samhitas, without Upanayana.[SUP]21[/SUP] The Vedanta Sutras, I. 3. 34-38, have been interpreted by almost all the medieval Bhashyakaras as prohibiting Sudras from Vedic study. Of them Sankara is the most liberal, for he at least admits that some Sudras may like Vidura and Dharmavyadha attain Brahma-Knowledge due to the result of their actions in past lives, and that all the four castes are free to attain Brahma-Knowledge through Itihasa-puranas. Some Arya Samajist scholars, however, interpreted the relevant Vedanta Sutras as permitting Sudras also access to Vedic study.
While there is no Vedic text which prohibits Sudras from studying the Veda, there is an explicit text which says he is not eligible to perform sacrifices. “
Tasmat sudro yajne anavakluptah.”[SUP]22[/SUP]According to Patanjali not all Sudras are prohibited from performing sacrifices: some are (Niravasita Sudras) and some are not (Aniravasita).[SUP]28[/SUP] Commenting on this, Kaiyata says that Sudras are eligible to perform the five Mahayajnas (great sacrifices).[SUP]24[/SUP] These include the Brahmayajna, which means Vedic study (Svadhyaya), Sandhyavandana, Japa, etc. So, as Nagesa explained, this Vedic text prohibits Sudras from performing only sacrifices like Agnihotra and not the five great sacrifices. This makes them eligible for Vedic study. The Mimsusa Sutras, VI. 1. 24 to 38, have been interpreted by their medieval commentators as prohibiting Sudras from Vedic study and sacrifices. The Arya Samajists, however, do not. accept such an interpretation and maintain that according to Jaimini, all are eligible to perform Vedic rituals because their reward is desired by all and whoever has the capacity to undertake and complete them can do so.[SUP]25[/SUP] Even the medieval commentators admit that Badari, a great sage, who is cited by Jaimini, maintained that all including Sudras are eligible to perform Vedic sacrifices. Similarly, sages like Aitisayana denied the eligibility of women to Vedic study and perform sacrifices, while Badarayana and Jaimini asserted to the contrary. Some Smritis make scriptural study mandatory to women.[SUP]26[/SUP]
To summarise, the Veda itself claims to be a universal scripture meant for all human beings. Whoever has the sincere desire (Arthitva) and capacity (Samarthya) is eligible to study it either in the original or in its translations. Some Smritis and sages assert Sudras and women are not entitled to Vedic study, while other Smritis and sages maintain that they too are entitled. Good sense, justice and reason demand that the latter view be accepted. Everyone has the right to the highest wisdom from the best source available. Moreover, as Western scholars (who according to some Smriti writers would be Mlecchas) aswell as those who are not Traivarnikas (e.g, Prince Dara Shikoh, translated, Swami Vivekananda and Sri Aurobindo) have studied, edited, translated, expounded, or published the Vedas and Upanishads, it is not only unjust but ridiculous to support any more the tabu on Vedic study. People of all castes including the Harijans and Girijans and of all nationalities–irrespective of their sex–should be encouraged to study the Veda.
“
Kurvantu Visvam aryan.”
(Let us make the entire world Aryan,
i.e., noble and enlightened.)
Some Thoughts on the Veda and its Study