Third Posting
Folks,
(Sorry for such a long posting!)
Let me summarize my two previous postings so far(with some expansions):
1. Adi Purusha sacrificed Himself to create the Universe. From his mouth (signifying 'sound' which is the most important part of our scriptures - Strutis) the original Brahmin was born. His role in the society was to follow the Brahminical Dharma. So, in sequence a Kshatriya, a Vaishya and a Sudhra were created from the shoulders, legs and the feet respectively to complete the roles in the society.
2. Two take away points:
a) Hinduism is based on sacrifice for the welfare of the mankind - in particular by the first three Varnas, which were created to support the society. Sudhras, were created to serve the first three Varnas, but in return those Varnas were created to serve to the well being of this Varna (the 'twice born' ceremony therefore applies to only the first three Varnas, as that ritual (Upanayanam) marks the begining of the sacrifices each of the three Varnas to start making on behalf of the whole society. Sudhras, were thus relieved of any such requirements to sacrifice for the society, because of what is expected of them. But clearly as the Varna, least 'endowed' in terms of skills in the society, they were to be supported by the other three Varnas with no restrictions.
b) Initially, the Varnas talk about the qualities required to fulfill the Dharmas assigned to each Varna. No birth right is spelled out.
Next we talked about the meaning of 'Dharma'. It is God's Law or opne may say the 'Nature's Law'. This is the Law that makes a bird to fly, instead of swimming under water, broadly speaking. A writer must write, a singer must sing and so on. But for the masses, these 'special' skills may not be known that easily. Most of us do not know what our 'gifts' are in our childhood. Only a few of us, like the sage Vishwamithra understood his gift and these folks are always in the minority in the population.
We ended the last posting with the story of 'Satyakama, son of Jabala' where he did not know his lineage as his mother was a 'loose' woman, but by his reply to his prospective Guru, the nature of who a 'Brahmin' is, was revealed. Above anything else, a Brahmin must always speak the truth and be transparent, because 'Dharma' can also mean the 'Truth'.
So, what other qualities must a 'Brahmin' possess?
There is a beautiful story about a 'Yaksha' who having put all the younger four Panadava brothers in a death strance, challenges the 'Son of Dharma' to answer a series of questions correctgly to grant the lives of his brothers. This is the 'Yaksha Prasna' chapter of Mahabaratha. When the Yaksha asks Dharmaputra 'Who is a Brahmin?', he answers (correctly), 'A Brahmin is not the one who knows the Vedas alone. He should be of Brahminical character'.
So, what is a 'Brahminical' charecter?
Lord Krishna in Bhagavadgita defines clearly the qualities or duties of a Brahmin as per the Gunas born of their own nature are: Serenity, self-restraint, austerity, purity, forgiveness, uprightness, knowledge,
realization, belief in a hereafter.
The Maha Periaval of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam declares that each Brahmin must posses the following eight charecteristics (From the Book "Hindu Dharma" by HHShankaracharya Sri Chandrasekhara Saraswathi Swamigal):
"The eight gunas or qualities are : daya, ksanti, anasuya, sauca, anayasa, mangala, akarpanya, asprha.
"Daya" implies love for all creatures, such love being the very fulfilment of life. There is indeed no greater happiness than that derived by loving others. Daya is the backbone of all qualities.
"Ksanti" is patience. One kind of ksanti is patiently suffering disease, poverty, misfortune and so on. The second is forgiveness and it implies loving a a person even if he causes us pain and trouble.
"Anasuya" you know is the name of the sage Atri's wife. She was utterly free from jealousy : that is how she got the name which means non-jealousy. Heart-burning caused by another man's prosperity or status is jealousy. We ought to have love and compassion for all and ought to be patient and forgiving even towards those who do us wrong. We must not envy people their higher status even if they be less deserving of it than we are and, at the same time, must be mature enough to regard their better position as the reward they earned by doing good in their previous life.
"Sauca" is derived from "suci", meaning cleanliness. Purity is to be maintained in all matters such as bathing, dress, food. There is a saying often quoted even by the unlettered: "Cleanliness makes you happy and it even appeases your hunger". To see a clean person is to feel ourselves clean.
In Manu's listing of dharmas that are applicable to all, ahimsa or non-violence comes first, followed by satya (truthfulness), asteya (non-covetousness; non-stealing is the direct meaning), sauca (cleanliness) and indriya-nigraha (subduing the senses or even obliterating them).
The fifth Atmaguna is "anayasa". It is the opposite of "ayasa" which denotes effort, exertion, etc. Anayasa means to have a feeling of lightness, to take things easy. One must not keep a long face, wear a scowl or keep lamenting one's hardships. If you lose your cool you will be a burden to yourself as well as to others. Anayasa is a great virtue. In many of our rituals there is much bodily exertion. When we perform a sraddha we have to remain without food until 2 or 3 in the afternoon. There is no end to the physical effort we have to put in to conduct a sacrifice. Here anayasa means not to feel any mental strain. Obstacles, inevitable to any work or enterprise, must not cause you any mental strain. You must not feel any duty to be a burden and must develop the attitude that everything happens according to the will of the Lord. What do we mean when we remark that the musician we listened to yesterday touched the "tara-sthayi" so effortlessly? Does it mean that he performed a difficult musical exercise with ease? Similarly, we must learn to make light of all the hardships that we encounter in life.
What is "mangala", the sixth guna? Well, "mangala" is mangala. There is mangala or an auspicious air about happiness that is characterised by dignity and purity. One must be cheerful all the time and not keep growling at people on the slightest pretext. This itself is extremely helpful, to radiate happiness wherever we go and exude auspiciousness. It is better than making lavish gifts and throwing money about.
To do a job with a feeling of lightness is anayasa. To be light ourselves, creating joy wherever we go, is mangala. We must be like a lamp spreading light and should never give cause for people to say, "Oh! he has come to find fault with everything". Wherever we go we must create a sense of happiness. We must live auspiciously and make sure that there is happiness brimming over everywhere.
"Akarpanya" is the next guna. Miserliness is the quality of krpana or miser. "Akarpanya" is the opposite of miserliness. We must give generously and whole-heartedly. At Kuruksetra Arjuna felt dejected and refused to wage war with his own kin. In doing so, according to the Gita, he was the guilty of "karpanya dosa". It means, contextually, that he abased himself to a woeful state, he became "miserly" about himself. Akarpanya is the quality of a courageous and zestful person who can face problems determinedly.
"Asprha" is the last of the eight qualities. "Sprha" means desire; a grasping nature. "Asprha" is the opposite, being without desire. Desire is at the root of all trouble, all evil and, all through the ages, it has been the cause if misfortunes. But to eradicate it from the mind of men seems an almost impossible task. By performing rites again and again and by constantly endeavouring to acquire the Atmic qualities one will eventually become desireless. Says Valluvar:
Parruga parrarran parrinai apparrai
parruga parru vidarku
Tirumular goes a step further. "It is not enough, " he says, "to be attached to Isvara who is without attachment and be free from other attachments. You must be able to sever yourself from the attachment to Isvara himself".
Asai arumingal, asai arumingal
Isanodayinum asai arumingal
The Buddha calls desire thirst. Intense desire for an object is "trsna". ( The Buddha calls it "tanha" in Prakrt). His chief teaching is the conquest of desire.
Desirelessness is the last of the eight qualities. The first one, daya, is the life-breath of Christianity. Each religion lays emphasis on a particular quality, though all qualities are included in the teachings of Buddha, Jesus Christ, the Prophet Mohammed, Guru Nanak, Zoroaster, Confucius and the founders of all other religions. Even if these qualities may not have been pointedly mentioned in their teachings, it is certain that none of them would regard people lacking them with approval."
In the next posting, we will discuss what the 'modern' Hindus (Bhagawan Vivekananda and Gandhi Ji) say about the 'charecteristic' of a Brahmin.
Pranams,
KRS