Thanks to K sir for the link. Saw the Neeya-Naana episode again and again. Must appreciate Gopinath the host very much, for the enlightening topics and public awareness he creates thru his shows.
In the show, Prakash Raj and one another participant wondered from where did it all begin, but no one addressed that. A bearded guy rightly said untouchability started around AD times. However, no one spoke about the beginnings of highs and lows.
Wish the bearded guy (who is perhaps a journalist or a social scientist) had mentioned about tribalism; ie., about tribal days when tribal warfare included kidnapping women and cattle from inimical tribes. The stronger tribes grew in numbers as they had more women to procreate with
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The stronger tribes also grew in territorial strength (owned more land). The tribal period was marked by clans (kulams). There was no jati no varna during that time. Within a clan, the clansmen took to diverse occupations in a settlement; which was based on ability, proclivity. There was no untouchability within a clan or a tribe.
Tribalism existed alongside faiths which arose in its time. The Agamic religions, Buddhism and Jainism, supported jati (caste), i.e., the system of occupations based on ability. Birth based rigidity did not exist. Anyone could become an agamic priest. Any strongman could become a ruler of a territory; or could overthrow an existent ruler and take his place. Anyone cud become a trader. Codes of conduct existed (as can be seen in Tholkappiyam). But the low could become high and vice versa (IMO this was because clan structures were still existent during that time).
Then came the period of Brahmanism. In Brahmanism, Varna was the social unit of organization. The varna model pushed its way into pre-existing jati societies. In Brahmanism, the sense of highs and lows, and untouchability all of which were based on birth-based rigidity came to exist. Manusmriti was written in the Sunga Empire by a warring set, who claimed to be ‘brahmins’; around 200 AD
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Before 200AD, the dharmashastras permitted some leeway, as is evinced by some permissibility in earlier dharmshastras. However, the period of later dharmashastras marked by Manusmriti and subsequent dharmashastras was torturous to the enslaved (with molten lead, cutting off tongue, etc punishments).
Manusmriti did not recognize a fifth class (ie., no difference between a shudra and a panchama; all were slaves with the rest categorized as dasyus or ‘outcastes’). Those ostracized and/or enslaved included people who did not support the religion of the dharmashastras; ie., from Buddhism, Jainism, certain Agamic religions and tribal religions. Previously, some of us had discussed George Hart’s works in this forum, wherein we discussed how priests of other religions were made untouchables.
Brahmanism (ie, birth-based discrimination and oppression), it can be argued, was derived from tribalism. It codified certain conducts in tribalism (such as kidnapping women and owning women), for self-survival
*. The sense of highs and lows became deeply entrenched. Notably, the brahmana could have any number of wives and concubines (females were also gifted in lieu of a fee for the performance of a vedic fire sacrifice). But the shudra could have only one wife. Females were treated like material items or property (belonging to males), and had no right to education, occupation, and making choices.
Amongst certain tribes, codes existed, where a female had no right / choice to ‘marry outside’ or produce progeny for an inimical tribe. The dharmashastras also prohibit inter-marriages. If varna shankara (marriages between high and low varna people) took place, such people were made outcaste. This is what we see even today in rural societies. What we think is ‘jaati veri’ has actually more to do with tribalism and/or brahmanism than with jaati itself. Since jaati (occupation) was never common / homogeneous amongst all of the dalit groups.
*Rakshasa Vivaha (kidnapping and ‘marrying’ after slaying a lady’s kinsmen) was recognized and permitted in the dharmashastras. In fact, the mangalyam was a symbol to indicate so and so female is ‘married’ (i.e., owned) by so and so tribe. It was similar to the system of tying something around a cattle’s neck to indicate ownership. I think Sangom sir also had written about the thali (mangalyam) in this forum earlier. Once thus ‘married’, the woman belonged to the 'husband's' tribe. On becoming a widow the lady had to marry the husband’s younger brother. The Devar (groom’s younger brother is made to sit accompanying the groom thru most part of the vivah, because he is the second husband in waiting. The term Devar apparently is derived from Dvitiya Varah, meaning Second Husband). Such levirate marriages were common in most old societies across the world. In short, men were owners of women; and their strength was known by the number of women and cattle they owned.
**Also note Kshatropeta dvijatyah, AKA brahmakshtriya or kshatropeta brahmanas (kshatriya brahmanas) were brahmins of kshatriya descent. That is, they were actually a warring creed who claimed to be Brahmins. They included several groups such as the Bharadvajas, Bhrigus, Gargas, Samkritis, Mudgalas, Kanvas, Urukshayas, Kapis, Priyamedhas, Vishnu-vriddhas, Haritas, Shaunakas, etc. Since military might could make people claim brahminhood, obviously, it was a role model for others to follow. What we see as ‘caste fights’ (even today) are actually fights to maintain position in the varna hierarchy-- this is a distinctive feature in dharmashastra ‘hinduism’. Such varna hierarchy does not exist in Buddhism, Jainism, and other religions of tribal and agamic origin.