@happyhindus
Have you read the dharmashastra (link i provided)? Please read the dharmashastras, then speak. The cleaners were there at the time dharmashastras were written. They (the Untouchables) existed long before the british set its foot on indian soil.
you have given some villainous image of dharma shastras.. but after reading manu smriti(yesterday night), i really dont know, what exists there for you to hate it that much.. after reading the shastras, i am more confident that i can answer you
Can you cite relevant shastras, which mentions about cleaners? Please dont include scavengers and chandalas.. they dont come under the category of toilet cleaners.. here the accusation @nara made is that dalits are forced to clean toilets.. is there any mention of toilets in manu shastra? What does manu says about defaecating?
What i could see from manusmriti on defaecating are the following verses..
48. Let him never void faeces or urine, facing the wind, or a fire, or looking towards a Brahmana, the sun, water, or cows.
50. Let him void faeces and urine, in the daytime turning to the north, at night turning towards the south, during the two twilights in the same (position) as by day.
56. Let him not throw urine or faeces into the water, nor saliva, nor (clothes) defiled by impure substances, nor any other (impurity), nor blood, nor poisonous things.
152. Early in the morning only let him void faeces, decorate (his body), bathe, clean his teeth, apply collyrium to his eyes, and worship the gods.
134. In order to cleanse (the organs) by which urine and faeces are ejected, earth and water must be used, as they may be required, likewise in removing the (remaining ones among) twelve impurities of the body.
135. Oily exudations, semen, blood, (the fatty substance of the) brain, urine, faeces, the mucus of the nose, ear-wax, phlegm, tears, the rheum of the eyes, and sweat are the twelve impurities of human (bodies).
I could not find any other statements regarding to defaecating.. Could you please let me know if manu says, that only dalits should come and clean the toilets?
Even in villages, houses had toilets in the past. Am not speaking of the ones who lived in huts. You think Indian Kingdoms functioned without cleaners? Have you heard of Night Soil collectors (dalits) ?
It shows that you have very little knowledge about village life.. Even people living in big houses would defaecate in open earth surrounded by bushes..
the word "Urban" is a generic word, more suitable for western cities.. in india it is nagar.. nagara is used for temporary purposes.. people would go to nagara and return back to their villages..
Next, in the present model of urban centres are packed with full of houses.. Indian nagaras are NOT like that.. there would be small settlements, surrounded by open spaces, often with bushes.. the population are sparse, the houses are constructed with spaces..
have you seen the older form of thotti veedu, often used by brahmanas and nagarathars?
In my own own village, each community will have their own colony.. kuditheru, para theru, sakkili theru, aasaari theru, otta theru, etc.. (there is no agraharam).. the houses will be in a straight line built on either side of the roads.. behind these houses are empty fields, with bushes.. its same for all jaati houses.. people would defaecate in the open grounds adjacent to their respective colonies.. and you know.. the dogs will do all the scavenging keeping the area clean [smiley intended..] .. and you know.. its one of the source of the rare mineral phosporous for them (its scientifically proven ) [smiley intended they too like it very much [two smiley intended] (i am imagining you saying aiyoo .. LOL .. any vomiting ?? [smiley] ) ..
[i could not use more than 4 smileys.. why?]
You know.. when my father built the toilet, my grandfather was against it.. when the concept of toilet came, indian rural people considered it as unhygiene to have it inside houses..
Now let me explain how dalits happened to became toilet cleaners.. in villages, the vellalas did agri, whereas the dalits worked in their fields.. the wages will be either money or part of the produce.. Even today, the dalit workers often demand paddy instead of money for harvesting rice.. both will share the produce..
WHen britishers took over india, they introduced the concepts of land ownership, property ownership, rental systems, and more importantly, the concept of sale of lands.. before that, these are unheard of in india.. the family members will plough the lands, for successive generations.. there will be only partition b/w family members..
the britishers started creating townships on the western model.. where entire plot is divided in individual plots, connected by roads, with drainages emptying in nearby river.. Since they invented toilets they connected them to drainage.. so they need not require any open grounds for defaecating..
The towns are created in existing villages.. as a result, the farmers have to leave their lands for the township.. Due to land onwership, the farmers sold their land, and with that money they settled in the towns and cities.. but what will the dalits do? they did not have any land to sell and they became slum dwellers in their own area, where once the fertile fields surrounding them are now converted in to houses and bungalows.. Earlier they had their food from the paddy grown in the area which they get as wage.. but now after the area is converted to housing units, this means is cut.. since there is no industry nearby, they have to depend on doing household activities in the newly created houses.. and bcoz they are more in number, their labour became cheap.. it is this urbanites, who misused the cheap labour of the dalits even for those activities, which can be done by their family members..
Let's take all the slums of chennai and relook in to the past? These were marshall lands, and shallow lands which are used as grazing lands, by these slum people.. who occupied those lands?
Let's take the sea shore.. the entire seashore was colonised by urban settlers that pushed the fishers to slum areas..
Lets take the buckingham canal along the lines of ECR (i stayed there for around 3 yrs).. some of the slum people still have buffaloes as their means of livelihood.. but today no more grazing lands..
Lets take the T-Nagar, where i stayed there for 6 months.. the slum people still have cows, but no more grazing lands.. their means of livelihood is taken over..
In villages, the dalits apart from working in farms, reared goats, hens and cattles in the fields, and public village lands.. in my vilalge, they will come to work for weeding, and take back the weeds collected for their goats..
when the environment in which their livelihood depended were colonised, they became rootless and their means of survival is destroyed..
Who destroyed it? answer is obvious..
Now please tell me, who is forcing dalits and dalit children to clean toilets? Who is responsible for this horrendous crime (as described by @nara sir) ?
Do you still say, my understanding capacity is still limited?