Dear members/readers,
Though I intended this to be just a reply to Shri tkrs with reference to his query as to what I thought about Upanishads, etc., after reading it on completion, I find that it has become very long and covers almost all that I want/wanted to express in regard to the theme "God exists". Please forgive me if you find this post boring.
This forum has members of two categories as regards their views on (Hindu) religion as also the God concept. While one set, who now label themselves as "theists" generally uphold brahminism, the Hindu scriptures, the God concept and religions in general, they exhibit different levels of intolerance to alien faiths. But their immediate and most-hated enemies seem to be the "non-theists" - a term I have coined - and which includes all the rest who do not conform to the belief system of the Theists. The non-theists here in this forum comprises avowed atheists as also agnostics like me. To further elaborate my views, I do not deny the existence of some superior power or form of energy which is at the basic root of the universe, but I strongly contribute to the view that religions, including Hindu religion, have not been able to have a complete and scientifically acceptable knowledge about this super-power. Neither has modern science been able to uncover this so far. Hence I believe that religions are misleading people into a certain imaginary thought process and some of the religions have been able to generate so much of fanaticism as to result in utter cruelty being perpetrated in the name of their gods, over the millennia.
Shri tks in this post (
http://www.tamilbrahmins.com/general-discussions/6798-god-exists-94.html#post89281) had written —
"After 18+ years of studying and with help of teachers I have now come to understand why there is such an emphasis on learning Upanishads under the guidance of a well educated teacher.
In Hindu tradition and for that matter Asian traditions, context makes a huge difference. Many in western culture (and I have lived in USA for almost all my adulst life), context is not significant and all interactions have self defined context.
There is no way for anyone to understand how this simple verse has all of the Advita Vedanta described. Not only precise knowledge of Sanskrit is required but one has to know the context in which this verse appears.
om̐ pūrṇamadaḥ pūrṇamidaṃ pūrṇātpurṇamudacyate
pūrṇaśya pūrṇamādāya pūrṇamevāvaśiṣyate ||
om̐ śāntiḥ śāntiḥ śāntiḥ ||
All Upanishads describe the same topic area.
My question to you are the same that I asked Sri Nara for which he never gave an answer and danced around as usual. Let me ask the same question differently to you if you care to answer.
1. What is the problem that Upanishads address in your view? If you say you learnt this, why did you do that? What problem were you trying to solve?
2. Do you think Upanishads describe yet another philosophy? or is it a lot of mumbo-jumbo for silly atheists? What do you think the subject matter is about?
3. We all confront what we think is reality in our life. What is your defintion of reality?"
Let us look at the
context, of which tks talks so highly, in which this hymn appears in the kāṇva śukḷa yajurveda, of which it is the last portion (book/chapter 40). Since there is nothing subsequent to it in that Veda, we have to see the just previous book or chapter 39. I have attached screen captures of the original of the chapter in Sanskrit with swaras and give below the translation by Ralph T. Griffith. This translation may not be acceptable to our theist friends but if they can, they are free to provide any other authentic translation of their liking and refute Griffith's.
"The Texts of the White Yajurveda, tr. Ralph T.H. Griffith, [1899], at sacred-texts.com
p. 301
BOOK THE THIRTY-NINTH.
SVÂHÂ to the Vital Breathings with their Controlling Lord!
To Earth Svâhâ! To Agni Svâhâ! To Firmament, Svâhâ!
To Vâyu Svâhâ! To Sky Svâhâ! To Sûrya Svâhâ!
2 To the Quarters Svâhâ! To the Moon Svâhâ! To the Stars
Svâhâ! To the Waters Svâhâ! To Varuna Svâhâ! To
the Navel Svâhâ! To the Purified Svâhâ!
3 To Speech Svâhâ! To Breath Svâhâ! To Breath Svâhâ!
To Sight Svâhâ! To Sight Svâhâ! To Hearing Svâhâ!
To Hearing Svâhâ!
4 The wish and purpose of the mind and truth of speech may
I obtain.
Bestowed on me be cattle's form, swept taste of food, and
fame and grace. Svâhâ!
5 Prajâpati while in preparation; Samrâj when prepared;
All-Gods’ when seated; Gharma when heated with fire;
Splendour when lifted up; the Asvins’ while milk is
poured in; Pûshan's when the butter trickles down it;
the Maruts’ when the milk is clotting; Mitra's when the
milk's skin is spreading; Vâyu's when it is carried off;
Agni's while offered as oblation; Vâk when it has been
offered.
6 Savitar on the first day; Agni on the second; Vâyu on the
third; Âditya (the Sun) on the fourth; Chandramâs (the
Moon) on the fifth; Ritu on the sixth; the Maruts on
the seventh; Brihaspati on the eighth; Mitra on the
ninth; Varuna on the tenth; Indra on the eleventh;
the All-Gods on the twelfth.
p. 302
7 Fierce; Terrible; The Resonant; The Roarer; Victorious;
Assailant; and Dispeller. Svâhâ.
8 Agni with the heart; Lightning with the heart's point;
Pasupati with the whole heart; Bhava with the liver.
Sarva with the two cardiac bones; Îsâna with Passion;
Mahâdeva with the intercostal flesh; the Fierce God with
the rectum; Vasishtha-hanuh, Singis with two lumps of
flesh near the heart.
9 The Fierce with blood; Mitra with obedience, Rudra with
disobedience; Indra with pastime; the Maruts with
strength; the Sâdhyas with enjoyment.
Bhava's is what is on the throat; Rudra's what is between
the ribs; Mahâdeva's is the liver; Sarva's the rectum;
Pasupati's the pericardium.
10 To the hair Svâhâ! To the hair Svâhâ! To the skin Svâhâ!
To the skin Svâhâ! To the blood Svâhâ! To the blood
Svâhâ! To the fats Svâhâ! To the fats Svâhâ! To the
fleshy parts Svâhâ! To the fleshy parts Svâhâ! To the
sinews Svâhâ! To the sinews Svâhâ! Svâhâ to the bones!
Svâhâ to the bones! To the marrows Svâhâ! To the
marrows Svâhâ! To the seed Svâhâ! To the anus Svâhâ!
p. 303
11 To Effort Svâhâ! To Exertion Svâhâ! To Endeavour Svâhâ!
To Viyâsa Svâhâ! To Attempt Svâhâ!
12 To Grief Svâhâ! To the Grieving Svâhâ! To the Sorrowing
Svâhâ! To Sorrow Svâhâ!
To Heat Svâhâ! To him who grows hot Svâhâ! To him
who is being heated Svâhâ! To him who has been heated
Svâhâ! To Gharma Svâhâ!
To Atonement Svâhâ! To Expiation Svâhâ! To Remedy
Svâhâ!
13 To Yama Svâhâ! To the Finisher Svâhâ! To Death Svâhâ!
To the Priesthood Svâhâ! To Brâhmanicide Svâhâ! To
the All-Gods Svâhâ! To Heaven and Earth Svâhâ!"
Shri tks has gone on record as follows, in his above post:-
"I can give you my reasoning as to what may be happening here. For many Hindus and for many self proclaimed TBs, ability to autheritatively say a few Sanskrit verses from Vedas is equated to education and maturity. (It is like poor people in India equating ability to speak in English with authority). Such people with their knowledge of rituals and Sanskrit immediately command respect in the community because many TBs recite many things without an iota of understanding of the significance. "
I do not claim any knowledge of Sanskrit which will make me capable of translating these hymns of the śukḷa yajurveda and so I am prepared to accept a different interpretation of the meaning of these hymns. But as it is, Griffith's seems to me to be an honest literal translation which it was intended to be.
Now the point to be considered is how the hymn pūrṇamadaḥ pūrṇamidaṃ... syncs with the abovesaid last portion of the saṃhitā, which gives the mantras of the hotṛ in animal sacrifice or paśubandha.
The "pūrṇamadaḥ" hymn is in the anuṣṭubh metre which is an ancient metre alright but the language style stands out as post-Panini and distinctly different from that of the just preceding chapter. Hence there is ground for the Upanishad having been a later composition which was adopted by the kāṇva yajurvedis as their Upanishad, and in order that no doubt would be raised subsequently, the upaniṣad was made an integral (last) part of the saṃhitā itself. According to authorities, including the Kamakoti Mandali (
Shukla Yajurveda), this kāṇva śākhā is the oldest of śukḷa yajurveda śākhās. Here one has to bear in mind the fact that the older kṛṣṇa yajurveda did not incorporate its taittirīya upaniṣad into the saṃhitā text. The taittirīya upaniṣad is in prose.
This hymn states pūrṇād pūrṇaṃ udacyate, i.e., from the whole, the whole became (created). And this is referred to as supporting the advaitic pov of jīvātmā and the parabrahman being one and the same. This is the advaitic view, but the dvaitins strongly refute this. So, which is correct and to what extent is this hymn useful? I do not think that "All Upanishads describe the same topic area", as stated by Shri tks. There are more than 200 upaniṣads currently and may be some more have not come to light. Out of these only about 10 or 11 are generally considered authoritative. Many of the later upaniṣads are sectarian works.
It is true that the authoritative upaniṣads mainly deal with the Absolute Reality underlying the entire creation, which these texts term as brahman. These upaniṣads are sometimes very cryptical, but we find also in the upaniṣads a great variety of concepts which many a time look contradictory as well. However, these texts gather so entirely around one common centre, and are dominated by the one thought of the sole reality of the ātman or brahman, that they all present themselves as variations upon one and the same theme. But then the fact that the upaniṣads were not giving a consistent interpretation of the One Reality which they were enquiring after, possibly made someone compose a set of sūtras known aptly by the name brahma sūtra, the very authorship of which is disputed by the different sects, some with deep schisms within, and whose very origin was based on conflicting interpretations of the one and only brahmasūtra, that any normal person is led to the inescapable conclusion that these upaniṣads themselves did not get an accurate idea about the brahman, nor did the author of the brahmasūtra do any better; if at all he excelled in brevity of expression to such an extent that it made the upaniṣadic confusion worse confounded.
The three specific questions posed by tks are -
1. What is the problem that Upanishads address in your view? If you say you learnt this, why did you do that? What problem were you trying to solve?
2. Do you think Upanishads describe yet another philosophy? or is it a lot of mumbo-jumbo for silly atheists? What do you think the subject matter is about?
3. We all confront what we think is reality in our life. What is your defintion of reality?
My answers are given below.
1. What is the problem that Upanishads address in your view? If you say you learnt this, why did you do that? What problem were you trying to solve?
I have already written about the subject matter sought to be addressed by the major upaniṣads. tks brackets all upaniṣads under a common umbrella, probably because he is not aware of the prolific nature of this genre of texts.
I do not think one should have any specific reason to learn any scriptural text. Having been born and brought up in a brahmin family following the yajurveda I was taught to recite the taittirīya upaniṣad even as a school boy. I did not know the meaning of much of it, but was able to reproduce it anyway. Gradually, as life progressed, I happened to read many books and some of them did give the meanings of some of the passages of that upaniṣad. This made me search for translations/commentaries and, during 1960-65 when I was in Kanpur/Lucknow I bought a book on upaniṣads published by Gita Press, Gorakhpur with the text and meaning in Hindi. On studying that, I found that there were many instances of statements which made no sense or at least appeared trivial, and so I persisted in reading as much material as I could during my working life, but the impression that much is being made out of upaniṣads for which they did not actually qualify, persisted in my mind. In 2000, I got a Computer and internet connection; since then I could access many web pages dealing with Hindu religion and upaniṣads in particular, and have been reading. But so far my impression that these upaniṣads are being praised sky-high because of the vested interest in projecting to the world that there is some scintillating philosophy in Hinduism and that all that philosophy is condensed in these upaniṣadic texts, has not changed.
You will thus perceive that I was not trying to solve any problem, personal or philosophical, except the persisting doubt about the upaniṣads themselves.
"2. Do you think Upanishads describe yet another philosophy? or is it a lot of mumbo-jumbo for silly atheists? What do you think the subject matter is about?”
I feel I have already alluded to these. Still, for the sake of ready reference, I summarize the answers below:-
upaniṣads do not describe any of the older philosophies of the vedas, though, because of the fact that the teachers in these texts are either brāhmaṇas or kṣatriyas, there are frequent attempts to describe their notions about the Absolute Reality or brahman in terms of the vocabulary, imagery and rituals which formed the sacrificial religion of the previous age.
It contains a lot of portions which appear outright silly or unconnected with the deep philosophical ideas given side by side. For a non-theist such attempts to delve deep into the question of Absolute Reality may appear as mumbo-jumbo.
But I refuse to agree with you that all atheists are silly as a rule, as evidenced by your use of that adjective.
"3. We all confront what we think is reality in our life. What is your defintion of reality?"
The word confront may mean "oppose" also. I take it that you agree that theists like you are, in reality, confronting reality.
Joke apart, the Absolute Reality which is generally the subject matter of the major upaniṣads, does not normally play any part in a normal human life, IMHO. People accept the reality as evident to the senses (cognitive reality) which suffices for any ordinary human life.
Last, but not the least, I have no quarrel with or hatred towards, the theists but my only observation is that, at least in this forum, the theists get enraged when some non-theist ventures to give his views on some topic. They behave in such a manner as though the very statement of the non-theists will splinter their theistic crowd, lead them to the non-theistic or even atheistic camp. In this stage of extreme fright, name-calling, put-downs, innuendos and all emerge from the theist folks, probably because there is no convincing, logical argument for the theists to show that the atheistic postulate is erroneous. (You, tks, have even justified put-downs and taunts as part of valid and necessary discharge of your duty as a Theist.) But these Theists forget one fact and that is that the younger generation, irrespective of caste and economic status are leaning more towards the agnostic pov and despite all the efforts being made within this forum, even the children of these confirmed Theist mercenaries, may turn out to be agnostics at a later date.
As I have written in my post # 969 (
http://www.tamilbrahmins.com/general-discussions/6798-god-exists-97.html#post89449), that a child is not born with any pre-conceived religious or even theistic notion. It is the parents/guardians who train the child into their religion
and inculcate into it the religious dogmas. If only we are able to bring up a sufficiently large sample of children without any religious notions, I feel they may grow into a better society and lead humanity towards a higher civilizational level.